In addition to the "pen and ink", there are more than 40 kinds of stationery in the ancient study.

"Wenfang" is interpreted broadly as the literati's study or study, while the narrow sense refers to the stationery of writing, painting and reading. In the minds of Chinese people, the most important thing in the study room is the four treasures of the study - "paper and ink."

The pen refers to the writing brush, which is the writing instrument originally created by the Han nationality in China. The traditional writing brush is not only a must-have utensil for the ancients, but also has a distinctive charm in expressing the special charm of Chinese calligraphy and painting. The brush has four advantages: “tip, Qi, round, and health”. The lines written with it can be soft, can be thick and thin, can be run and dry, and change much, which is beyond the reach of any hard pen. It mainly uses the hair of wild animals or goats as materials, either pure or versatile, and can be made into different types to suit various needs. The variety of its variety is also second to none in the pen category.

Ink, the impression of a person seems to be a little single, but it has the effect of “falling paper like paint, and tens of thousands of true things.” With this original material, the artistic and artistic conception of Chinese calligraphy and painting can be realized, and after hundreds of The vicissitudes of the year and even the millennium are still clear.

Paper is one of the four great inventions of ancient China. It has made outstanding achievements in the cultural communication in history. Even today, when mechanical papers are prevalent, some traditional handmade papers still have an irreplaceable role, and they have a unique brilliance. For example, Xuan paper produced in Anhui Yinxian County is white and fine, easy to draw and easy to draw. It has excellent water absorption performance and can be preserved for a long time. It has the reputation of “paper life millennium”.

ç š, is a tool used with ink, requires it to be delicate and moist, easy to ink, and the ink is fine and slag-free. There are many types of stone, pottery, brick, and jade. The most famous ones are the Duan of Guangdong and the clams of Anhui. In particular, some carvings, quaint shapes, vivid patterns, make people love it.

We all know that ink and paper are the four treasures of the Chinese study, but you can know that there are not only these four treasures in the ancient study. Let’s take a look at the ancient scholars and put them on their desks. What are they, what do they look like, and what are they used for?

First, the ink pad

Ink is the unique treasure of the Chinese house. Whether it is a document signing, a historical relic, or a note of the Jinshi paintings, it needs to be used. According to the history books, the development of ink mud has a history of two thousand years. In the early spring and autumn, the Qin and Han dynasties have been used. The ink pad at that time was made of clay. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, some people developed papers. People changed the water to set the cinnabar on the printed surface and printed it on the paper. This is the prototype of the ink. In the Yuan Dynasty, people began to use oil to reconcile cinnabar, and then gradually developed into Our modern ink pad.

Second, the paperweight

Paperweight, that is, the thing used to press paper when writing and painting, the common one is the rectangular strip, which is also called the ruler and the pressure ruler. The original paperweight is not fixed in shape. The origin of paperweight is that ancient literati often put small bronzes and jade articles on the desk to enjoy and appreciate, because they all have a certain weight, so people will use it to press paper or press books while playing, and for a long time. , developed into a stationery tool - paperweight.

Third, water droplets

Also known as the drip, the drip into the sputum of the utensils, also known as water droplets, water injection. The first tool to grind water into the shovel was called otter. "The ancients have no water droplets, and in the morning they grind their inks, and they are filled with liquids for daily use. The inks are re-grinded, so there are water ripples." From the perspective of the handed down products and the unearthed objects, the appearance of the tricks is not later than the Han Dynasty. It was originally made of copper, and later changed to ceramic, porcelain, jade, stone and other materials. Its style is uncertain, and all generations have been innovative. In the Han Dynasty, the drops were mostly in the shape of turtles, snakes and bears. The bear-shaped jade drops, which is a tongue-and-roll tongue with double wings on the back and a ganoderma lucidum on the right forelimb. Its carvings are rough and are artifacts of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The legend of the flying bear is very ancient.

In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, frogs such as frog turtles are more popular. For example, the celadon bear cub drops, the bear bears the appetite entrance in the right hand, the left limb gently supports the left knee, and the expression is focused. The top has a hole for the water inlet.

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, water droplets were more common in animal shapes, such as frogs and rabbits, and there were other shapes. For example, the celadon stick is shaped like a piece of eggplant, with a heart-shaped water injection port on one end of the drum and a thin tubular flow on the other end. The shape is small and chic. The body is engraved with curls and lines, and the lines are smooth and natural. Seen from the ornamentation, it is a typical artifact of the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

In the Tang Dynasty, the shape of the drop is small and the shape is unique. In addition to porcelain products, there are also copper products, such as turtle-shaped scorpion drops. The shape is a turtle bowl with a small bowl, the turtle has a cylindrical button, and the tortoise shell is exquisite and delicate. Boutique.

At the time of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, porcelain drippings flourished again, especially the dragons that were burned in Longquan kiln were the most novel and unique, with a boat shape, a sitting shape, a cow grazing shape, and a fish shape. The fish-shaped dripping is a jumping fish shape with a drip in the mouth and a water injection hole in the back. The shape is chic and the fish body has a carved pattern. The whole body is applied with gray-green glaze, which is the fine work of the Yuan Dynasty porcelain.

In the Ming Dynasty, the porcelain industry was highly developed, and the tricks of the Ming Dynasty were arrogant, and there were many dynasties in the past, especially in the Xuande period. The blue-and-white scorpion-shaped scorpion is shaped like a raw scorpion, with a round hole on the back, a dropper on the top, and a flat bottom. The whole body is decorated with blue and white techniques. The shape is exquisite and the white tire is fine. On the left, the blue-and-white book in the white space is "Xuande Year System".

In the Qing Dynasty, the scorpion was mostly in the shape of a living body, exquisite workmanship, and the white-and-white glaze was showery and dripping. Its shape was extremely chic. On the left side, a lotus leaf was watery, and a crab was piled up. There was a hole in the hole leading to the right side of the lotus. The lotus had a water hole. drop. Two pieces of stationery are integrated into one, which is rare in the front, and is an early artifact in the Qing Dynasty.

In the study room utensils, dripping (water droplets) is less passed down.

Fourth, the pen holder

Insert the pen when it is not in use. More materials, porcelain, jade, bamboo, wood, paint are seen in the production. Or round or square, there are also plants or other shapes.

The pen holder is one of the stationery items. The utensils that are cylindrically filled are mostly straight, straight, and the bottom of the mouth is similar. The shape is relatively simple and there is no big change. The age of the pen holder has not been tested, and the three kingdoms Wu Luzhen’s "Mao Shicao, Wood, Bird, and Worm, Dredging and Sons": "The mulberry worms are lost in the wood, or in the book pen holder, seven days." It is not known for today's pen holder. From the current handed down products, most of them are in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, and the tombs are unearthed. There is also no Song and Yuan pen holder. Ming Tulong "Stationery Yabian": "Xiangzhu for it, with the ebony ebony edging set as the elegant, the rest is not into the product." Ming Wen Zhen Heng "long object": "pen, Xiangzhu, 栟 者 better "Therefore, there is a pen holder for the thing of the late Ming Dynasty, but Cha Song's Anonymous "To the Miscellaneous Miscellaneous": "There is a clever stone pen holder, the name '扈'; there is a bamboo pen holder, the name '裘钟' is nothing. It seems." It seems that the age of the pen holder should be pushed to the Song Dynasty at least. Because of this category of cultural history, it is not discussed here.

Five, pen wash

Pen wash, after the pen is used to wash the ink, mostly in the shape of a dragonfly, also has a flower-shaped shape or other shapes. All kinds of pen washes are not only colorful and interesting, but also exquisite in craftsmanship and vivid in image. As a copywriting, it is not only practical, but also able to cultivate and cultivate emotions.

Six, arm rest

The arm rest is a copywriter used by the ancient literati to rest the arm. In addition to being able to prevent ink from getting on the sleeves, it will make the wrist feel very comfortable when the arm is placed on the arm, especially when copying small fonts. Therefore, the arm rest is also called the wrist pillow.

The arms are covered with bamboo and ivory textures, and there are patterns and carvings on the arms. It is very beautiful and interesting.

Seven, ink

Ink is mainly used to store ink ingots for decoration and protection. In the ink, the enamel used in ink, ink, and ink is the most elegant. In ancient times, the ink was made of red sandalwood, ebony, and watercress, and it was inlaid with jade belts, flower branches, tigers, figures, etc., so it was generally beautiful. In the ancient ink sputum, there are also many paint enamels. It is said that during the Daoguang Period of the Qing Dynasty, Yan Wenda returned to Beijing. "The silver ink cartridges are made of flag silver. The system is round, and it is covered with a two-column ring." It can be said to be outstanding. The most famous of the ink-making gongs in the late Qing Dynasty was the “Wan Li Zhai” in the capital city.

Eight, the curtain

The pen curtain is a tool for carrying and storing a brush. The main purpose is to:

1. If you put the brush into it, it will not damage the pen tip by colliding back and forth in the pencil case.

2, the curtain ventilation, can make the brush quickly dry.

3, now most are 35 cm × 33 cm.

4, such a pen curtain, you can roll dozens of brush at a time, easy to carry.

5, mainly to: in a hurry, you need to bring a brush to go out, but because you just used it, did not do it. You can take a roll and bring it out. It won't be moldy, and it won't stain books and other things.

Nine, the pen holder

The pen holder is also called the pen case and the pen rest, that is, the object of the pen is also one of the commonly used instruments in the room. In the paintings and calligraphy, when using the idea or the respite, the pen is used to set off the pen, so as not to defile the brush, which is the most indispensable stationery in the ancient books. From the style point of view, there are generally two types of hanging and hanging, which are called pen hanging and pen rest. The pen hanging is a shelf made of bamboo and wood. There are pillars on both sides, one foot high; there are crossbars on the top, and the width is also more than one foot. You can use the pen tube to open the pen and use it for the hanging pen. The pen hangs also has a cylindrical shape, a dome, and the pen is hung on the periphery of the dome, which is convenient. The pen rest is the object of the pen. According to different shapes, also known as the pen pillow, pen mountain, also known as the pen bed, the Qing Dynasty also appeared in the pen boat.

In fact, there are still a lot of stationery supplies. In the book "Testing the Others", the Ming Dynasty literati Tu Long listed a total of 45 kinds of stationery. It can be said that it was a collection of the Qing Dynasty, including the pen and the mountain. Pen bed, pen screen, pen holder, pen boat, pen wash, pen holder, water 丞, water note, 砚匣, ink 匣, seal, book 匣, ink pool, paste, wax bucket, paperweight, pressure ruler, secret For example, there are 45 kinds of wenwan games such as Ge and Beiguang. If you add ink and paper, the total number will be 49. This is not only in the Ming Dynasty, but also the most ancient books in the ancient books, which became the important source of the study and introduction of the later generations.

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