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In recent years, nanotechnology has been developed vigorously. This is a top-down technology that can help us understand the composition of large molecules from the performance and composition of atoms. Such technology enables people to control the composition and performance of products based on their needs and uses. Non-woven materials play an important role in the development of nanotechnology. As early as 1934, cell acetate classic spinning was patented, which was earlier than the 1959 Nobel Prize winner Richard Feynman's statement that "there is more space to wait for excavation" A lot.
Nanotechnology was first used in the electronics industry. For the textile industry, the development of nanotechnology is relatively slow. Even now, there are only a few related products on the market. Among them, Donaldson's nano-fiber filter layer and Nano-Tex's new anti-overflow material are products with relatively high permeability in the market. According to Mr. Young Chung of Donaldson, about one-third of Donaldson ’s products contain more or less nanomaterials. Today, there are more than 100 academic or industrial research institutions worldwide dedicated to the research of nanotechnology in fibers, textiles and polymers. Government agencies around the world have invested heavily in nanotechnology. According to statistics from international scientific research organizations, the investment in nanotechnology research in 2005 exceeded US $ 4 billion. The US, EU and Japan are leaders in this industry. On the website of the Science and Technology Information Organization, if you search for "nanofiber" as a keyword, you will find that since 1992, a total of 2015 related papers have been published. Global nanotechnology is surging through a large number of emerging papers and patents. This article will discuss some related development issues related to the application of nanotechnology in fibers and textiles.
What are nanofibers?
In recent years, researchers have developed some fiber materials with large surface area, high adaptability, high air permeability, high water absorption, light weight, suitable elastic coefficient and versatility, which are already on the market Reflects its commercial value. These nanofibers can be used to manufacture filter layers, protective barriers for chemical toxic substances, tissue scaffolds, and many other advanced industrial uses. Generally speaking, the diameter of nanofibers is between 100 and 500 nanometers.
Anton Formhals company invented the method of electrostatic spinning to produce man-made thread in 1934, which is also the predecessor of today's electrostatic spinning method to produce non-woven nanofibers. The so-called electrostatic spinning uses a method of evaporating a solvent that can produce nanofiber filaments under a strong voltage environment to make the polymer solution into a charged spinneret. Strictly speaking, nanofibers are non-woven filaments composed of submicron fibers. According to different needs, various natural, synthetic and biodegradable polymers can be produced into various types of nanowires by electrostatic spinning. In the 1990s, thanks to the outstanding work of Professor Darrell Reneker of Akron University, the scientific research on electrospinning has made a qualitative leap. In 1995 Jayesh Doshi and Reneker jointly submitted an excellent paper with their findings. Later, Professor Doshi started a nanotechnology company in Chattanooga, Tennessee, specializing in the production of nanofibers by electrospinning a variety of different polymers for commercial use.
The MIT (MIT) Gregory Rutledge research team also laid the foundation for electrospinning technology. The team's research found the terminal diameter of the spinneret, which is the diameter of the fiber woven from any polymer.
Nanofibers and military applications In addition to being used as a filter layer, nanofibers are also increasingly valued in military research and development due to their potential anti-chemical biological weapon capabilities. Not only can it prevent the soldiers from being attacked by poisonous gas in the war, but also have a certain comfort, the nanofiber layer material is a very promising material. In addition to the characteristics of light weight and good breathability, biochemical clothing equipment with nanofiber layers can also achieve anti-toxic gas, venom and toxic mist by adding various chemical auxiliary materials.
Professors Heidi Schreuder-Gibson and Phil Gibson of the NATICK military base in the United States have achieved great results in how to use nanofibers and nanoparticles to manufacture protective clothing through cooperation with governments, industrial institutions and other academic partners. For example, their research projects include electrospinning thermoplastic elastomeric polyurethane, so that the materials produced are not only highly elastic but also have very good strength without any further processing. They are currently developing and experimenting on how to make melt-spun and electrospinning yarns by mixing nano-resistant alumina and titanium oxide. In addition, they must also add various mixtures to the fabric while maintaining the fabric itself. Purity.
Adding various materials to the nanofibers by adding auxiliary materials enhances the use value of the nanofibers. Nanofiber filaments embedded in metal oxides can catalyze organic phosphorus chemical mediator reactions. Recently, Texas Tech University successfully studied how to embed nano-magnesium oxide (MgO) in polymer fibers. That is, in a very strictly controlled operation process, it is completely feasible to place the nanoparticles on the surface of the fiber. Through this step, the resulting fiber has the strongest chemical effect to achieve the purpose of anti-virus. This electrospinning technology has played a practical role in the development of honeycomb filter laminated polyurethane nanowires. These filter layers will greatly enhance the filterability due to the stronger capture function of the nanoparticle mesh itself.
The research team of Seeram Ramakreishna, a professor at Singapore International University (NUS), and the Singapore Defense Science and Technology Agency (DSTA) are engaged in a collaboration on the development of biochemical protective nanofiber masks. According to the research of NUS scientists, nanofiber silk can replace the activated carbon in the mask to capture the toxic components in the air. They decompose chemical toxins by embedding nano-metal particles and cyclodextrins into nanofibers. This achievement has achieved initial success in the para-oxygen-phosphorus simulated chemical warfare. Their ultimate goal is to develop a washable and durable military clothing containing nanofibers.
At the same time, Professor Rutledge of MIT and his colleagues also studied how to enhance the waterproofness of nanofiber silk fabrics during the electrospinning process under the influence of fabric surface chemistry and topology. These waterproof nanowire products can be used as protective clothing and biological medicine.
Similarly, Dr. Gajanan Bhat of the TANDEC branch of the University of Tennessee in Knoxville and Dr. Raj of the Dallas CHK Group are also conducting the incorporation of nanoparticle MN (VII) oxide (M-7-O agent) in nonwoven fabrics. Cooperation, so that the fabric can have a protective function. M-7-O agent is a very environmentally friendly strong Lewis acid oxidant. According to Dr. Bhat, some of the advantages of these non-woven fabrics are that they can be transported safely, can be manufactured into various forms according to specific needs, and are also active materials that exclude toxins in chemical warfare and industrial chemical toxins.
Nanofiber and biomedical applications Cornell University professor Margaret Frey and her research team are working on the close relationship between the high surface of biodegradable polymers and water, and the possibility of applying this to drug delivery. The research projects also include the delivery of pesticides and the application of biosensors. Dr. Frey's research pointed out that the high surface properties of nanofibers allow more sensing active areas on a small area of ​​fabric.
Donaldson has been at the forefront of biomedical applications of nanofabric silk, and the company has been engaged in this industry for more than two decades. Donaldson produced the Ultra-Web nanofiber filter layer in 1981, and thus developed a new type of nanofiber-based cell culture materials and anti-spray clothing. In 2002, Donaldson created a branch company, which focuses on the production of new nanofibers and is also committed to cooperating with other research departments and related companies to develop and expand the nanofiber market. Recently, Donaldson has developed a three-dimensional cell culture medium, which can simulate a special cell matrix. Degradable nanofibers can be used as tissue scaffolds due to this similarity to the special cell matrix (ECM). These scaffolds can bring cells closer together, so they can develop into a three-dimensional tissue structure. Mechanical stability, biocompatibility, cell reproduction, and cell matrix interaction are the several evaluation factors that determine nanofibers as biomedical applications.
Expansion and commercialization At present, one of the reasons why the electrospinning technology has not achieved significant commercial benefits and has been widely promoted is probably that there is not enough industrial-grade equipment supply on the market. However, NanoStatics of Ohio has invented a new type of electrospinning technology, which can be used to produce nanofibers and materials containing nanofibers in large quantities to meet market demand.
According to NanoStatics, their production technology can produce nanofibers with diameters from 50 nm to 1000 nm. The thickness of the nanowires can be from 100 nanometers to more than 200 microns. With such electrospinning technology, the textile industry may attract more important investments in nanofibers in the future.
Melt-spun nanofibers Melt-spun nanofibers with diameters in nanometers have recently been the focus of discussion. Hills has invented a production method called "islands" to produce and develop nano-melt-spun fibers of different diameters (from ordinary sizes to 250 nanometers). Hills stated that these fibers have a load-bearing capacity of up to 3 grams each and can be used to spin into materials with more uses. Hills has developed "island" type spunbond fabrics with sizes between 2 and 0.3 microns. "Island" uses nanotube technology to produce and develop materials with a diameter as small as 300 nanometers and a thickness of 50 to 100 nanometers, and this technology has applied for a patent. Hill's nanotube fiber materials can be used for chemical warfare protection, drug resistance, fine filtration, and fine water pressure.
Carbon nanotubes and composites In 1991, Sumio Ijima of the NEC Group Laboratory in Japan discovered multi-walled carbon nanotubes with diameters in nanometers. The characteristics of nanotubes include light weight, high stress, charging and temperature resistance. Scientists from the Nanotechnology Department of the University of Texas at Dallas (UTD) have collaborated with Australian CSIRO technicians to make breakthroughs in electrospinning multi-wall carbon nanotube yarn. These yarns are strong, strong and have a particularly high elasticity, and have adjustable operability of temperature and electricity. The researchers stated that these carbon nanotube yarns can be used to make "smart" clothes, such as storing electricity, bulletproof, adjusting temperature and air permeability to provide a most comfortable state. Professor Ray Baughman of UTD and Dr. Mei Zhang have developed a multi-walled nanotube yarn in cooperation with Dr. Ken Atkinson of CSIRO. Compared with single-walled nanotube yarn, the former is more economical. The researchers also produced transparent carbon nanotube sheets that were stronger than steel sheets of the same weight. These nanotube sheets can be used in spotlights, low-noise electronic detectors, artificial muscles, conductive circuits, and broadband polarized light sources that can convert tens of thousands per second.
Professor Satish Kumar of Georgia Institute of Technology uses single-walled, double-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) and evaporatively grown carbon nanotubes to disperse different polymer matrices through polymerization, melting and adding solutions. Professor Kumar said that the current research found that the matrix system includes: polyethylene (p-phenylene benzo bisoxazole) (PBO), polypropylene (PP), ethanolene (PVA), methyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyacrylonitrile ( PAN) These synthetic systems have been processed into various continuous fibers through traditional melt spinning and additive liquid spinning techniques. They have enhanced tension, high coefficient, chemical resistance, glass heat transfer and reduced temperature shrinkage. Polymer / carbon nanotubes can be used to produce porous nanofibers, nanowires, and electrostatic textile microcups.
UTK TANDEC's Gajanan Bhat combines nano-clay and polypropylene fusion fabric. His research results show that each percent increase in the toughness of nano-clay does not reduce the ductility.
The future of atoms in the nonwoven fabric industry The development of nanofuel cells that can use nonwoven materials is just around the corner. ACON, a technology and business consulting agency in Zurich, Switzerland, pointed out that the global nanotechnology market will reach a value of US $ 900 billion by 2015. In this vast business opportunity, the non-woven fabric industry and the entire textile industry should strengthen its market share by studying more different and value-added methods of using nanotechnology. The use of nanotechnology is tantamount to great benefits for the above behavior . Douglas Mulhall said in his book "Our Molecular Future" that the control of the atomic phase will affect the future and things of the same size as our planet. Will nanotechnology affect the nonwoven industry? The cooperative results of scientific research foundation and industrial development will create a win-win situation for the molecular future of the nonwoven industry!
The Ancient Egyptians were known for their creation of cosmetics, particularly their use of rouge. Ancient Egyptian pictographs show men and women wearing lip and cheek rouge. They blended fat with red ochre to create a stain that was red in color.
Greek men and women eventually mimicked the look, using crushed mulberries, red beet juice, crushed strawberries, or red amaranth to create a paste. Those who wore makeup were viewed as wealthy and it symbolized status because cosmetics were costly.
In China, Rouge was used as early as the Shang Dynasty. It was made from the extracted juice of leaves from red and blue flowers. Some people added bovine pulp and pig pancreas to make the product denser. Women would wear the heavy rouge on their cheeks and lips. In Chinese culture, red symbolizes good luck and happiness to those who wear the color.
In Ancient Rome, men and women would create rouge using lead II,Iv (red lead) and cinnabar. The mixture was found to have caused cancer, dementia, and eventually death.
In the 16th century in Europe, women and men would use white powder to lighten their faces. Commonly women would add heavy rouge to their cheeks in addition.
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