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Banknotes play an important role in the economic circulation, and people cannot live without banknotes. The quality of banknotes has gradually increased, and the security of banknotes is changing with each passing day. The use of anti-counterfeiting technology in banknotes also reflects the advanced level of development of anti-counterfeiting technology in a country.
In China, for example, counterfeit banknotes have never faded out of sight, and the HD90 counterfeit banknotes have been disturbing for some time. Is that the fifth version of our renminbi that can really be forged by criminals? I think that's impossible. If you carefully identify HD90 counterfeit banknotes, you can easily find the flaws.
1. Paper security
First of all, from the note paper, criminals are unable to obtain special paper strictly controlled by the state. Banknote printing paper is specially manufactured by the country and is characterized by toughness, strong abrasion resistance, good stiffness, no lint, no breakage, and no deformation after washing. The general banknote paper is made from cotton, hemp, and other raw materials after high-temperature cooking. Some countries also add unique products to the banknote paper for anti-counterfeiting purposes. For example, Japan adds triterpenes in the pulp.
In addition to the texture of the paper itself, which is different from plain paper, a part of the colored fluorescent fibers is also distributed in the banknote printing paper. The 1999 RMB banknotes are randomly distributed with red and blue fluorescent fibers that are clearly visible under UV light. This technology is also used in American and Canadian banknotes. Since the 1885 edition, red and blue colored fiber yarns have been added to the greenback paper. The red and blue colored fibers from the 1885 edition to the 1928 version of the US banknote have been applied in a directed manner. The red and blue filaments are distributed in the middle of the banknote, forming two narrow strips from top to bottom. Red and blue colored filaments in the 1928 edition and later were randomly distributed throughout the banknote.
If the red-blue color fiber needs to be observed with ultraviolet light, the watermark on the banknote paper can be observed with the naked eye only by light transmission. The watermark is a fixed pattern formed by pressure rolling by the watermark roll in the process of papermaking. Since the watermark area of ​​the paper is different in density and the light transmission is observed, different patterns of light and shade can be seen, and the three-dimensional pattern is strong. According to the position of the watermark on the paper, it can be divided into a full version of the watermark and a fixed watermark. For example, the fourth edition of the RMB one dollar bill is a full version of the watermark, the 80 and 90 editions are the full edition of the ancient currency, and the 96 edition is a full-scale pentagram (a four-point star), and it is like the ten or twenty yuan we use. Wu Shiyuan and Baiyuan are fixed watermarks. Fixed watermarks are more difficult to produce than full-page watermarks because the fixed watermark is precisely positioned on the paper. In addition to different watermark locations, the level of production varies greatly. Watermarking technology in Japan has been studied in depth since the 1950s. Until now, no one is comparable. The craftsmanship is superb.
Security lines are also an important element of security on note paper. The security thread is to embed a special metal wire or a different color polyester plastic thread, microprinting thread or fluorescent thread in a specific position of the paper. A complete or intermittent (windowed) line can be seen in the light as it is observed in the light. The shape of the line is generally a straight line, and can also be made into a wave type, a sawtooth type, or the like. When the window-type security thread is intermittently exposed to the paper and the copy is made with a copying machine, the exposed metal lines are copied into intermittent black lines and cannot be copied. The security thread can be designed in various colors, and it can also be a line in the same interval with two colors. There can also be microtext on the line. For example, the U.S. dollar is a fully-buried safety line, a polyester material called Mylar. Under the irradiation of ultraviolet light, security lines of different denominations show different colors, and English and digital are also printed on the security line. The currency value. The security line of the renminbi is fenestrated, and holographic currency values ​​such as ¥50 and RMB100 are printed on the security window of the fenestration.
2. Anti-fake ink
A large number of special inks are used in banknote printing for security. One of our common types is interference light change ink. The ink has the effect of metal and pearl luster. Ink lumps are usually printed on paper with a pair of colors, such as green-blue, green-green, magenta-green. Etc. If the ink blot is tilted to a certain angle, the printed part can be changed from one color to another when viewed with light. The anti-counterfeiting of the ink is very easy to identify, and because it has a dynamic change effect, it cannot be copied using a high-definition copying machine, a color scanner, or the like. In addition, when the ink is manufactured with a complicated process, technical expertise, expensive equipment investment, and low imitation, a variety of banknotes use this color-changing ink. For example, the 100 words in the lower left corner of the 100 yuan will appear green on the front and blue on the side; the 50 words will be 50 words, the front will be gold, and the side will be green; the color blocks of the French franc on the front will be green. Side view is blue.
Another security ink is a colorless fluorescent ink. Under normal circumstances may not pay attention, but in the ultraviolet light will show dazzling colors. For example, the rectangle “100/50/20/10/5†appears under the ultraviolet light on the upper left side of the renminbi, emitting a strong orange-yellow fluorescence. Some counterfeit banknotes also appear fluorescent under UV light, but there is a large gap between the color depth and the fluorescence intensity, and the color is dark.
There is another type of ink that does not look bright, but there are magnetic reactions detected by the instrument. Some money detectors are designed and manufactured based on this principle. The horizontal number in the two-tone crown of the lower left corner of the renminbi is printed with magnetic ink. The U.S. dollar front intaglio ink is magnetic and can be detected magnetically with a magnetic detector.
At present, there is a type of ink that has not been used in the printing of RMB, but there are applications in Euro, Hong Kong Dollar, Japanese Yen, Canadian Dollar and other banknotes, that is, pearl ink anti-counterfeiting. Pearlescent ink is a patent of Merck. The ink has a pearl-like luster and glittering effect. Moreover, the ink has an interference color and a transmission color, and the color is bright and changeable. Pearlescent ink pigments are formed from mica coated with metal oxides, and the type and coating thickness of the metal oxide determine the color of the pearlescent pigments. With white titanium dioxide wrapped mica, when the thickness of the coating layer is 60 microns, the interference color of the pigment is silver white, the transmission color is colorless, and when the thickness is 90 microns, the interference color of the pigment is golden, and the projection color is purple and so on.
3 printing technology security
The vast majority of banknote layout designs are based on figures, landscapes, paintings, architecture, etc., and are printed with complex and varied shading. The printing method mainly uses lithographic offset printing, gravure printing, letterpress printing and special printing. The printing of the main scene is mainly achieved by hand-engraved gravure printing method. The gravure printing is a high-precision metal gravure hand-carved by the sculptor. The pattern printed in this edition is a three-dimensional pattern, floating on the surface of the paper, and the three-dimensional feeling is strong and distinct. There is a sense of concavity and convexity, such as the Chairman Mao's head in the renminbi, and the hand touch is obvious, especially the hair and clothing decoration parts. Observe under a magnifying glass and the lines of ink stand on the surface of the paper. Hand-engraved gravure printing is an easy-to-identify anti-counterfeiting tool and is not easily imitated. Hand-engraving platemaking is due to the individual's cutting method, style, and uniqueness, so the depth, curvature, and angle of its engraving lines are hard to imitate. It is the author himself who also finds it difficult to make two identical copies. So far, it is still an essential means for anti-counterfeiting of national currency bills. Gravure printing can also realize a printing technique called dioptric latent printing. This technology makes use of different gravure lines to effect different light tilting effects, making two kinds of images and texts on the same part of the paper. When you look at the picture in front of the light source, you see a picture. If you rotate the paper 45 degrees or 90 degrees horizontally, it will be transformed into another picture. This technology is used on passports in countries such as Canada, Sweden, and the Czech Republic. China's fifth set of hundred yuan coupons on the front right of the renminbi oval flower, can be rotated through the above angle, showing the number of invisible denominations "100."
Offset offset printing is used to print complex and variable shading. Lithographic offset text and paper are almost in the same plane. Most of the prints we see use this technique, but lithographic offsets also have difficult-to-improve printing techniques, such as microtext offset printing, shading multi-color superimposition, and printing. Technology and pattern docking technology. Microfilm offsets look like solid or dashed lines, but under the magnifying glass, they are small and clear text. Shading Multi-color superimposition prints the same pattern with several colors of ink, thereby forming a variety of overlapping colors, so that the patterns of colorful patterns, which is a high precision offset printing technology, generally difficult to imitation. The docking of printing patterns and patterns has imposed extremely high requirements on offset precision, which is a great test for the accuracy of the printing press and the technology of the printing person.
Letterpress printing is a type of graphic on a printing plate that is higher than the layout. When printing, the graphic part is inked, the attached paper is pressurized, and the ink is transferred from the printing plate to the printing on the paper surface. The pressure at the time of printing causes the back of the paper to have raised marks. This type of printing is generally used for the printing of banknotes of paper money. It is also a type of security.
Special printing methods include rainbow printing, wiring printing, shading copy printing, hologram printing and so on. The main color or background of the pattern is composed of different colors, but the color transformation of the lines or images is a gradual transition, there is no obvious boundary, like the gradient of the sky rainbow colors. The color of the positive background background shade of RMB 100 in China has gradually transitioned from orange yellow to orange red, green and blue. This technology is applied. Wiring printing is to connect two colors to each other on the same line of the face pattern, and the two colors of the connection can neither be separated nor overlap, which requires precise equipment and superior craftsmanship. Our country has been able to complete the precise docking of four color patterns at one time. Holograms, image maps, and shading patterns are new anti-counterfeiting technologies developed to prevent counterfeit banknotes from being counterfeited by modern copying techniques. For example, the anti-copy shading of the US dollar version after 96 years, portraits and building backgrounds consist of equidistant arcs. The composition, no matter what method is used, will produce regular diffraction fringes, like the constellation anti-copying technology in recent years.
In China, for example, counterfeit banknotes have never faded out of sight, and the HD90 counterfeit banknotes have been disturbing for some time. Is that the fifth version of our renminbi that can really be forged by criminals? I think that's impossible. If you carefully identify HD90 counterfeit banknotes, you can easily find the flaws.
1. Paper security
First of all, from the note paper, criminals are unable to obtain special paper strictly controlled by the state. Banknote printing paper is specially manufactured by the country and is characterized by toughness, strong abrasion resistance, good stiffness, no lint, no breakage, and no deformation after washing. The general banknote paper is made from cotton, hemp, and other raw materials after high-temperature cooking. Some countries also add unique products to the banknote paper for anti-counterfeiting purposes. For example, Japan adds triterpenes in the pulp.
In addition to the texture of the paper itself, which is different from plain paper, a part of the colored fluorescent fibers is also distributed in the banknote printing paper. The 1999 RMB banknotes are randomly distributed with red and blue fluorescent fibers that are clearly visible under UV light. This technology is also used in American and Canadian banknotes. Since the 1885 edition, red and blue colored fiber yarns have been added to the greenback paper. The red and blue colored fibers from the 1885 edition to the 1928 version of the US banknote have been applied in a directed manner. The red and blue filaments are distributed in the middle of the banknote, forming two narrow strips from top to bottom. Red and blue colored filaments in the 1928 edition and later were randomly distributed throughout the banknote.
If the red-blue color fiber needs to be observed with ultraviolet light, the watermark on the banknote paper can be observed with the naked eye only by light transmission. The watermark is a fixed pattern formed by pressure rolling by the watermark roll in the process of papermaking. Since the watermark area of ​​the paper is different in density and the light transmission is observed, different patterns of light and shade can be seen, and the three-dimensional pattern is strong. According to the position of the watermark on the paper, it can be divided into a full version of the watermark and a fixed watermark. For example, the fourth edition of the RMB one dollar bill is a full version of the watermark, the 80 and 90 editions are the full edition of the ancient currency, and the 96 edition is a full-scale pentagram (a four-point star), and it is like the ten or twenty yuan we use. Wu Shiyuan and Baiyuan are fixed watermarks. Fixed watermarks are more difficult to produce than full-page watermarks because the fixed watermark is precisely positioned on the paper. In addition to different watermark locations, the level of production varies greatly. Watermarking technology in Japan has been studied in depth since the 1950s. Until now, no one is comparable. The craftsmanship is superb.
Security lines are also an important element of security on note paper. The security thread is to embed a special metal wire or a different color polyester plastic thread, microprinting thread or fluorescent thread in a specific position of the paper. A complete or intermittent (windowed) line can be seen in the light as it is observed in the light. The shape of the line is generally a straight line, and can also be made into a wave type, a sawtooth type, or the like. When the window-type security thread is intermittently exposed to the paper and the copy is made with a copying machine, the exposed metal lines are copied into intermittent black lines and cannot be copied. The security thread can be designed in various colors, and it can also be a line in the same interval with two colors. There can also be microtext on the line. For example, the U.S. dollar is a fully-buried safety line, a polyester material called Mylar. Under the irradiation of ultraviolet light, security lines of different denominations show different colors, and English and digital are also printed on the security line. The currency value. The security line of the renminbi is fenestrated, and holographic currency values ​​such as ¥50 and RMB100 are printed on the security window of the fenestration.
2. Anti-fake ink
A large number of special inks are used in banknote printing for security. One of our common types is interference light change ink. The ink has the effect of metal and pearl luster. Ink lumps are usually printed on paper with a pair of colors, such as green-blue, green-green, magenta-green. Etc. If the ink blot is tilted to a certain angle, the printed part can be changed from one color to another when viewed with light. The anti-counterfeiting of the ink is very easy to identify, and because it has a dynamic change effect, it cannot be copied using a high-definition copying machine, a color scanner, or the like. In addition, when the ink is manufactured with a complicated process, technical expertise, expensive equipment investment, and low imitation, a variety of banknotes use this color-changing ink. For example, the 100 words in the lower left corner of the 100 yuan will appear green on the front and blue on the side; the 50 words will be 50 words, the front will be gold, and the side will be green; the color blocks of the French franc on the front will be green. Side view is blue.
Another security ink is a colorless fluorescent ink. Under normal circumstances may not pay attention, but in the ultraviolet light will show dazzling colors. For example, the rectangle “100/50/20/10/5†appears under the ultraviolet light on the upper left side of the renminbi, emitting a strong orange-yellow fluorescence. Some counterfeit banknotes also appear fluorescent under UV light, but there is a large gap between the color depth and the fluorescence intensity, and the color is dark.
There is another type of ink that does not look bright, but there are magnetic reactions detected by the instrument. Some money detectors are designed and manufactured based on this principle. The horizontal number in the two-tone crown of the lower left corner of the renminbi is printed with magnetic ink. The U.S. dollar front intaglio ink is magnetic and can be detected magnetically with a magnetic detector.
At present, there is a type of ink that has not been used in the printing of RMB, but there are applications in Euro, Hong Kong Dollar, Japanese Yen, Canadian Dollar and other banknotes, that is, pearl ink anti-counterfeiting. Pearlescent ink is a patent of Merck. The ink has a pearl-like luster and glittering effect. Moreover, the ink has an interference color and a transmission color, and the color is bright and changeable. Pearlescent ink pigments are formed from mica coated with metal oxides, and the type and coating thickness of the metal oxide determine the color of the pearlescent pigments. With white titanium dioxide wrapped mica, when the thickness of the coating layer is 60 microns, the interference color of the pigment is silver white, the transmission color is colorless, and when the thickness is 90 microns, the interference color of the pigment is golden, and the projection color is purple and so on.
3 printing technology security
The vast majority of banknote layout designs are based on figures, landscapes, paintings, architecture, etc., and are printed with complex and varied shading. The printing method mainly uses lithographic offset printing, gravure printing, letterpress printing and special printing. The printing of the main scene is mainly achieved by hand-engraved gravure printing method. The gravure printing is a high-precision metal gravure hand-carved by the sculptor. The pattern printed in this edition is a three-dimensional pattern, floating on the surface of the paper, and the three-dimensional feeling is strong and distinct. There is a sense of concavity and convexity, such as the Chairman Mao's head in the renminbi, and the hand touch is obvious, especially the hair and clothing decoration parts. Observe under a magnifying glass and the lines of ink stand on the surface of the paper. Hand-engraved gravure printing is an easy-to-identify anti-counterfeiting tool and is not easily imitated. Hand-engraving platemaking is due to the individual's cutting method, style, and uniqueness, so the depth, curvature, and angle of its engraving lines are hard to imitate. It is the author himself who also finds it difficult to make two identical copies. So far, it is still an essential means for anti-counterfeiting of national currency bills. Gravure printing can also realize a printing technique called dioptric latent printing. This technology makes use of different gravure lines to effect different light tilting effects, making two kinds of images and texts on the same part of the paper. When you look at the picture in front of the light source, you see a picture. If you rotate the paper 45 degrees or 90 degrees horizontally, it will be transformed into another picture. This technology is used on passports in countries such as Canada, Sweden, and the Czech Republic. China's fifth set of hundred yuan coupons on the front right of the renminbi oval flower, can be rotated through the above angle, showing the number of invisible denominations "100."
Offset offset printing is used to print complex and variable shading. Lithographic offset text and paper are almost in the same plane. Most of the prints we see use this technique, but lithographic offsets also have difficult-to-improve printing techniques, such as microtext offset printing, shading multi-color superimposition, and printing. Technology and pattern docking technology. Microfilm offsets look like solid or dashed lines, but under the magnifying glass, they are small and clear text. Shading Multi-color superimposition prints the same pattern with several colors of ink, thereby forming a variety of overlapping colors, so that the patterns of colorful patterns, which is a high precision offset printing technology, generally difficult to imitation. The docking of printing patterns and patterns has imposed extremely high requirements on offset precision, which is a great test for the accuracy of the printing press and the technology of the printing person.
Letterpress printing is a type of graphic on a printing plate that is higher than the layout. When printing, the graphic part is inked, the attached paper is pressurized, and the ink is transferred from the printing plate to the printing on the paper surface. The pressure at the time of printing causes the back of the paper to have raised marks. This type of printing is generally used for the printing of banknotes of paper money. It is also a type of security.
Special printing methods include rainbow printing, wiring printing, shading copy printing, hologram printing and so on. The main color or background of the pattern is composed of different colors, but the color transformation of the lines or images is a gradual transition, there is no obvious boundary, like the gradient of the sky rainbow colors. The color of the positive background background shade of RMB 100 in China has gradually transitioned from orange yellow to orange red, green and blue. This technology is applied. Wiring printing is to connect two colors to each other on the same line of the face pattern, and the two colors of the connection can neither be separated nor overlap, which requires precise equipment and superior craftsmanship. Our country has been able to complete the precise docking of four color patterns at one time. Holograms, image maps, and shading patterns are new anti-counterfeiting technologies developed to prevent counterfeit banknotes from being counterfeited by modern copying techniques. For example, the anti-copy shading of the US dollar version after 96 years, portraits and building backgrounds consist of equidistant arcs. The composition, no matter what method is used, will produce regular diffraction fringes, like the constellation anti-copying technology in recent years.
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