First of all, it should be determined that there is no further danger for the rescuer and the injured person, and as far as possible, first aid is provided without moving the injured person. Calm yourself, quickly examine the injured, assess and decide on the priority of first aid.
If there is a lot of bleeding, stop the bleeding immediately.
If breathing stops, give a quick breath and apply artificial respiration.
In the event of a heartbeat, immediate cardiopulmonary bypass should be performed.
Treat shock, raise lower limbs and keep warm.
Handle other injuries (such as trauma, fractures, poisoning, burns, etc.).
Second, move the patient to sheltered areas such as tents or natural shelters as soon as possible to prevent injury. When placing the patient, correct posture should be taken.
Injuries to the head and chest. If it is a transverse injury, you can take a supine position. If it is a straight injury, you should take a supine position.
For unconsciousness, but normal breathing, you can take complex posture.
For patients with shock, they should be allowed to lie flat and raise the lower limbs by 20-30 centimeters.
For those who may be in need of general anesthesia, such as unclear consciousness, suspected internal injuries, severe head injuries, and abdominal perforation, they must not be given food or drink, and must seek medical treatment in the shortest possible time and in the safest manner. Since it is more difficult to get medical care in the mountains, it is necessary to closely observe changes in the wounded on the way and to comfort and encourage the injured at any time to reduce their fear and anxiety. If the downhill road is far away or it is inconvenient to move the wounded, you can send two people down the hill to seek assistance or use a wireless walkie-talkie to call for help. When seeking help, you should specify the location of the request for assistance (preferably with a clear goal), the condition of the injured, and the first-aid treatment that has been done so that the rescue work can have a positive effect.
Loss of temperature / frostbite / snow blindness
[Temperature loss]
The reason for the loss of temperature is: the higher the altitude, the greater the change in climate, and the lack of proper thermal equipment or long-term exposure to the harsh climate and low temperature environment, especially in the exhausted, wet clothes, will produce a decrease in body temperature. The physiological response. When the body temperature drops below 35 degrees Celsius, the body has entered a state of deprivation. Symptoms of hypothermia include: feelings of ambiguity, muscles that are not controlled by the will, sluggishness, change of temperament or irrationality, slowing of the pulse, loss of consciousness, etc.
The patient has died and immediate treatment should be given immediately. The most important first-aid principle for the loss of temperature is to prevent patients from continuing to lose body temperature, and to gradually assist the patient in obtaining normal body temperature, taking the patient away from the harsh low-temperature environment and moving it into a warm tent or mountain house. Remove wet and cold clothing and wrap the patient in warm clothing, sleeping bags, etc. If the patient is conscious, he may be allowed to drink some hot and sweet drinks, and if he is unconscious, he is allowed to lie down in a restored position. The patient may be given respiratory and cardiac arrest. The cardiopulmonary bypass should be performed and the doctor should be sent to the doctor as soon as possible. Remember not to drink to the patient, nor to wipe or massage the limbs of the patient, nor to encourage the patient to exercise.
[Frost injury]
The reason for frostbite is that the ends of the body's circulatory system, such as fingers, toes, ears, nose, etc., are exposed to ice or cold weather for a long time, or they are exposed to ice and snow, resulting in freezing damage to the skin or subcutaneous tissues. Symptoms of frostbite include: tingling in the affected area and gradual or numbness, skin stiffness, pale or blue spots, difficulty or dullness of the affected area. At the beginning, it was frostbite in the skin or deep, and it was difficult to tell. The symptoms were similar. In addition, frostbite may be accompanied by a loss of temperature, and the latter should be dealt with first aid. If there is only frostbite, you should slowly warm the affected area to prevent deep tissue from being damaged. Move the patient to a warm tent or mountain hut as soon as possible, and gently remove the clothing and any restraints such as rings, watches, etc. from the wounded area. Use skin heat transfer to the skin, warm the affected area, or immerse the affected area with warm water. Frostbite ear, nose or face can be covered with warm towels. The temperature of the water should be acceptable to the wounded and slowly increase. If the affected area has recovered blood color and feel within 1 hour, you can stop the [warm] emergency operation. Second, raise the affected area to reduce swelling. Wrap or lightly cover affected areas with gauze bandages or soft clothing. Unless necessary, pay attention to non-abrasive or massage the affected area, and do not radiate heat to warm the affected area.
The affected area after warming should not be exposed to the cold again, and do not walk on the feet of [thawing].
[Snow blindness]
The cause of snow-blindness is because the eyes are exposed to the snow. The unprotected cornea is vulnerable to injury because the sun's reflection is very intense regardless of whether there is sunlight or not. If the sunny days are active in the snow, it is several hours. Serious snow blindness can be caused within it. The symptoms of snow blindness are very painful eyes. The eyes feel windy sand, red eyes, frequent tears, and are very sensitive to light. It is even difficult to open the eyes. If snow blindness occurs, the following emergency measures may be implemented:
Wash eyes with cold water or eye drops, and second, apply eyes with an eye mask or similar (clean handkerchief, gauze, etc.). Rest as much as possible to avoid using your eyes. If necessary, get medical attention. The symptoms of snow blindness usually take 5-7 days to clear.
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