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The concept and basic architecture of the Internet of Things
The Internet of things (Internet of things) is through radio frequency identification (RFID), infrared sensors, global positioning systems, laser scanners and other information sensing equipment, according to the agreed protocol, to connect any item to the Internet for information exchange and A network for communication to realize the intelligent identification, positioning, tracking, monitoring and management of items. The core and foundation of the Internet of Things technology is Internet technology, which is an extension and expanded network based on the Internet.
From the perspective of technical architecture, the Internet of Things can be divided into three layers: perception layer, network layer and application layer.
The sensing layer is composed of various sensors, including temperature and humidity sensors, two-dimensional code tags, RFID tags and readers, cameras, GPS and other sensing terminals. The perception layer is the source of the Internet of Things to identify objects and collect information.
The network layer is composed of various networks, including the Internet, radio grid, network management system, and cloud computing platform. It is the backbone of the entire Internet of Things and is responsible for transmitting and processing the information obtained by the perception layer.
The application layer is the interface between the Internet of Things and users. It combines with industry needs to realize intelligent applications of the Internet of Things.
Key technologies in IoT applications
1. Sensor technology, the sensor is the sensory organ that the object perceives the material world. It can be sensed from signals such as sound, light, heat, humidity, etc. It functions to collect, analyze and feed back the most primitive information for the Internet of Things.
There are various types of sensors, which can be divided into thermal sensors, speed sensors, position sensors, temperature and humidity sensors, etc. according to the purpose, material, output signal type, manufacturing process, etc. Sensors are widely used in the security industry, including digital cities, education industry, public security law department, environmental industry, etc.
With the application of emerging technologies such as nanotechnology, the appearance and process of sensors have improved, which has greatly expanded the application fields of sensors. Embedded intelligent technology is an important means to realize the intelligence of sensors. It is characterized by the combination of hardware and software to achieve the advantages of low power consumption, small size, high integration, high efficiency and high reliability of embedded software.
2. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a non-contact automatic identification technology that automatically identifies objects and obtains relevant data through radio frequency signals. RFID electronic tags can achieve efficient and flexible management, which is the most critical technology of the Internet of Things. A typical RFID system consists of electronic tags, readers and information processing systems. When an item with an electronic tag passes through the reader, the information carried in the tag is transmitted to the reader and the information processing system through radio waves to complete the automatic collection of information. The information processing system does the corresponding information control and processing according to the demand.
Compared with ordinary barcodes, RFID has obvious advantages: the reader can read multiple RFID tags at the same time; reading information does not require light, is not affected by non-metallic coverage, and can still be used under harsh environmental conditions Read; large storage capacity, can read and write repeatedly; can be read in high-speed movement.
However, at present, RFID also has many technical difficulties, mainly concentrated on: RFID anti-collision problems, RFID wireless research, how to choose the working frequency, security protection of private information and so on.
3. Intelligent technology, the intelligent technology of the Internet of Things refers to the intelligent analysis and control of massive information. Relying on advanced software engineering technology, various data of the Internet of Things are stored and processed quickly, and the results are fed back to the control components of the Internet of Things in real time. The methods and means adopted in order to effectively achieve the intended purpose.
In the field of security, intelligent video analysis technology originates from computer vision technology. It comprehensively applies image enhancement processing and other technologies. On the basis of achieving the separation of the target and the background, by comparing the target feature information with a preset template or rule, it automatically Identify the target, behavior, event or data of interest and generate an alarm. If necessary, it can automatically track the abnormal target and link other security facilities, which significantly improves the overall efficiency and ability of security control. At the same time, the use of security intelligent video analysis technology to realize intelligent query search based on the description of time, place and semantic features in massive historical video information can provide an efficient means of verification for public security organs to investigate and handle cases.
The video capture device with intelligent video analysis technology has become an intelligent perceptron for collecting key information and is the core of the Internet of Things application. As a result, the applications brought are no longer just video surveillance applications, but a series of new applications centered around video surveillance applications.
4. Cloud computing, cloud computing is the cornerstone of the development of Internet of Things applications. The development of the Internet of Things requires the support of cloud computing models such as software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and infrastructure as a service (IaaS). First, cloud computing has superior data processing and storage capabilities; second, the ubiquitous data collection of the Internet of Things requires a large-scale support platform to meet its scale requirements.
In the field of security, the widespread application of security products and the continuous improvement of quality have also led to a rapid growth of security data, and the current growth rate of storage media cannot meet the current growth rate required for data storage, so new storage- Cloud storage was discovered. At the same time, because the existing traditional technology can not meet the query, analysis and calculation of massive data information, a new computing model-cloud computing also came into being.
The development trend of the wave of things
The Internet of Things is known as the third wave of the world ’s information industry after computers and the Internet.
On the one hand, the Internet of Things can improve economic efficiency and save costs, and on the other hand, it can provide technical impetus for the recovery of the global economy. Once the Internet of Things is popularized on a large scale, a large number of daily necessities need to be equipped with small and smart sensors, or directly upgraded, and the business opportunities brought to the market will be incalculable. The number of sensors and electronic tags and matching interface devices used for animals, plants, machines and objects will greatly exceed the number of mobile phones. Professionals predict that if the Internet of Things is fully formed, its industry will be 30 times larger than the Internet. The Internet of Things will become the next trillion-level communication business.
Various forms of Internet of Things applications have shown great powers in all walks of life to ensure the orderly operation of the city. Using Internet of Things technology, Shanghai Mobile has tailored a comprehensive set of wireless integrated application solutions that integrate data collection, transmission, processing, and business management for customers in multiple industries. The latest data shows that more than 100,000 chips have been loaded on taxis and buses. During the World Expo, "Vehicle Service" was fully applied to the Shanghai public transportation system, and the most advanced technology was used to ensure the high-volume traffic around the Expo Park. The smoothness of "e-logistics" for the transportation management of logistics enterprises, providing users with real-time and accurate cargo status information, vehicle tracking and positioning, transportation path selection, logistics network design and optimization and other services, greatly improving the comprehensive competitiveness of logistics enterprises.
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