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A smart card (SmartCard), also called an IC card, is a card with standard specifications with a microchip chip such as a microprocessor and memory. Smart cards must follow a set of standards, and ISO7816 is the most important one. The ISO7816 standard specifies the shape, thickness, contact position, electrical signal, protocol, etc. of the smart card.
Smart cards can be divided into storage cards and microprocessor cards, as well as contact cards, contactless cards and dual interface cards, depending on the type of chip loaded and the way of information communication.
Generally, for a smart card applied to a PKI application, a hardware true random number generator and an RSA coprocessor are provided, and the RSA operation can be implemented in hardware. In addition, there are cryptographic algorithms such as DES and SHA-1 to ensure that a key pair is generated inside the hardware and the addition and decryption operations are performed inside the hardware.
From the security features of smart card hardware, various security measures are considered in the design and manufacture of chips, such as preventing others from modifying data, etc.; in the design of the operating system (COS) of the chip, the data communication on the smart card has taken various differences. Security measures. Among the above security measures, various security algorithms and data encryption measures are adopted. In the application, various security measures such as user identification including biometric identification, user PIN code authentication, and interactive authentication of smart cards and smart card reading and writing tools are adopted.
Any product that involves security has the potential to be attacked, and smart cards are no exception. For smart cards, there are several common attacks:
Physical tampering: Find ways to expose the integrated circuit in the card, attach it to the surface of the chip with a micro-probe, and directly read the contents of the memory.
Clock Jitter: Lets the clock operate in the normal frequency range, but suddenly injects high-frequency pulses during a precisely calculated time interval, causing the processor to lose one or two instructions.
Over-range voltage detection: Similar to over-range clock frequency detection, the processor is faulted by adjusting the voltage.
In response to the above attacks, smart card manufacturers have taken a series of precautions: such as bus tiering, chip flattening, balanced power consumption, random instruction redundancy, and so on.
Smart cards have been applied to banking, telecommunications, transportation, social insurance, e-commerce and other fields. IC phone cards, financial IC cards, social security cards and SIM cards in mobile phones are all in the category of smart cards.
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