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1. The relevant properties of the antigen itself: the ability of the antigen to stimulate the immunized animal to produce antibodies, whether to use adjuvant, the route of injection and the interval between injections. 2. The antigen must be purified: for the antigen used for immunization, the components must be uniform, except for the antigenic substance as the immunogen, and it cannot contain substances that can stimulate the body to produce other antibodies. In the preparation of viral antisera, the host protein component must be removed; if the materials are co-infected with different viruses, it is necessary to separate the viruses from each other. Only high-priced professional antiserum can be prepared by preparing a purified antigen with a certain concentration. 3. Antigens and immunized animals must be susceptible: although there is autologous isolation in the animal body, it becomes an autoimmune, causing autoimmune diseases. However, most proteins and nucleic acids in the body cannot stimulate the production of antibodies by themselves. Under normal circumstances, the closer the species differences are, the weaker the ability of the antigenic substance to produce the corresponding antibodies in the body, and vice versa. Obviously, after the antibody obtained from the immunized rabbit, when the second antibody is prepared, the immunoglobulin extracted from the rabbit antiserum cannot be used as an antigen and then injected into another rabbit, but the sheep and the donkey should be injected. Or animals such as horses that are far apart from each other. 4. The antigen molecule must have a certain molecular weight and structure: as a protein antigen, the molecular weight should not be lower than 10,000, but for some molecules, the situation is special, the N-acetyl-L tyrosine-immunized guinea pig with a molecular weight of only 451 can Antibodies are produced, and the molecular weight of keratin and insoluble fibrin, although much larger than 10,000, does not stimulate the body to produce antibodies. From the overall situation, the smaller the molecular weight, the easier it is to be excluded after entering the body. In addition, the immunogenicity of an antigen depends on the nature of certain chemical groups (ie, antigenic determinants) on the surface of the antigen molecule, such as number, charge, optical configuration, and spatial conformation, while the specific structure of the antigenic determinant is The three-dimensional structure of proteins is closely related. The immunogenicity between the intact structure of the virion, the viral coat protein and the viral leucobasin monomer is different. 5. When preparing antisera, the most important thing is to pay attention to the purification of the antigen. Otherwise, the prepared antiserum will be difficult to use in immunoenzymatic techniques.
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