Experts explain Ming and Qing furniture

1. Materials used in Ming and Qing furniture

Li Fengchang: Ming Dynasty furniture and Qing Dynasty furniture are different in terms of materials, due to the influence of social environment, living habits and material sources. The main materials used in Ming Dynasty furniture are five main varieties: huanghuali , red sandalwood, chicken wing wood, iron pear wood and eucalyptus. The primary material for the manufacture of sophisticated furniture during this period was huanghuali. In the Qing Dynasty, the furniture has red sandalwood, rosewood, rosewood, nanmu, ebony or eucalyptus. Judging from the traditional furniture collected in the Palace Museum in Beijing , Beijing-made furniture has heavy red sandalwood, rosewood, and light yellow pears, so many huanghuali furniture are dyed dark, which is why the Qing Dynasty huanghuali furniture is not much. After the development of Qing style furniture, due to the exhaustion of the source of red sandalwood and the high price , it was necessary to collect the wood materials such as rosewood and rosewood. In the fine furniture, there are also wooden furniture such as bamboo, imitation vine, imitation bronze, and even fake rock. In turn, there are bamboo and rattan wood furniture.

Two: the production process of Ming and Qing furniture

Li Fengchang: The Ming Dynasty furniture developed to the Qing Dynasty, and the production process has also changed. For example, the seats of the Ming Dynasty chairs are made of brown and rattan, with perforated inserts on the sides, and a simple corner bracket at the intersection of the handrails and the straights, on the one hand for aesthetics and on the other hand for furniture comfort. Greatly enhanced. In addition to the straight foot, the furniture has legs and legs that are inward or outward, and the lines are naturally smooth. The chairs of the Qing Dynasty were generally decorated with wooden boards. After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the teeth on the chair were only in a straight line. The legs of chairs and furniture often like to be dug. The Ming style furniture has a distinct difference from the Qing style furniture. The Ming style is more compliant, precise and rigorous, and it is not easy to fall apart. The Qing style furniture is often scattered when it is degummed.

Three: decorative patterns of Ming and Qing furniture

Li Fengchang: The decorative pattern on the furniture is the best basis for reflecting the times. It has a relatively distinct era, and some patterns can even be selected as an important basis for the exact age . In the Ming Dynasty, there were more abstract wraps on the utensils; while the Qing Dynasty furniture patterns were more full, usually some decorative patterns such as flowers and birds that represent the auspicious Ruiqing. The patterns of the same category are also very different in the Ming and Qing dynasties. For example, the dragon pattern is a kind of ornament which is more commonly used in court furniture. In the Ming Dynasty, the bones and bones evolved into all the knots on the legs, the hair on the head was rushed, and the windmill-like five-claw appeared. In the Qing Dynasty, the leading hair crossed. The tail has an autumn leaf decoration.

Four: The decorative style and technique of Ming and Qing furniture

Li Fengchang: From the decorative style to the technique, the Ming Dynasty furniture is completely different from the Qing Dynasty furniture. In the Qing Dynasty, the furniture skeleton was thick and strong, and the straight shape was more than the Ming-style curved shape. The subject matter was vivid and varied, and the decoration was strong. The overall generous and partial decoration was delicate. Compared with Ming Dynasty furniture, the pursuit of the two is fundamentally different in terms of decorative style. Ming Dynasty furniture pays attention to the shape, often with a small area, decorated with fine carvings, admiring Zenghua, and embellishing the decoration in the most appropriate part, with large area, large surface, large curvature and overall formation of strong, orderly, Appropriate and eye-catching contrast makes the furniture more vivid, simple, refined and generous. The furniture of the Ming Dynasty has many techniques in detailing, and it is roughly divided into three techniques: engraving, inlay (treasure inlay) and enamel decoration. Another feature of Ming Dynasty furniture decoration is the use of accessory parts. It usually refers to various patterns embedded in stools, piers, tables, case cores and door frames, bed enclosures, soft drawers woven with velvet and rattan wire, and copper and iron. The leaves are wrapped in cabinets, boxes, cabinets, chairs, shackles, etc., as well as a variety of decorative parts such as face leaves, handles, and hinges. They are equipped with accessories according to the functional requirements, especially the copper trims, which not only protect the furniture, but also enhance the decorative function. The Qing style furniture pays attention to the form, and does not hesitate to use the materials and materials, and the craftsmanship has reached a level that cannot be added. In the decoration, it strives to be gorgeous, using decorative materials of different textures such as gold and silver, jade, gemstone, coral, ivory, and treasure. The inlay and porcelain inlay are also important decorative techniques at that time; gold and painting are also occupied in Qing furniture. Certain position.

Five: the shape characteristics of Ming and Qing furniture

Li Fengchang: The furniture of the Qing Dynasty and the furniture of the Ming Dynasty showed different aesthetic styles in the modeling features. The function of the whole theory and the concise and beautiful shape are the important features of Ming Dynasty furniture. The furniture design of the Ming Dynasty emphasizes strict proportional relationship and appropriate scale. On this basis, it is closely related to the use function, and strives to achieve the perfect combination of function and form. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, according to the needs of the human body during rest, the backrest has a 100° inclination angle and has an “S” shape curve, so that the back and the back of the person have a large contact surface, and the ligament and muscle can be fully obtained. Rest; and the height of the back of the chair is flush with the neck of the person, and the head just rests on it. In the Ming Dynasty, the furniture used curves in the modeling. Whether it is the component of the large curvature or the decorative line of the small curvature, the pattern and the dental plate, most of them are simple and sturdy, smooth and smooth, and without pretense. Furniture design has reached a perfect height in the aesthetics of unity and change. In the Qing Dynasty, the furniture became sleek and smooth, and the simplification was very expensive. From the application to the art , the fresh and elegant Ming Dynasty style was transformed into a prosperous Qing Dynasty style. The overall size of the furniture in the Qing Dynasty tends to be wide, high, large and thick. Correspondingly, the local rain and component materials are also widened. Such as the clear three-screen back-style Taishi chair, the stable and thick three-screen back and the thick and smooth legs and armrests, etc., are integrated and coordinated, resulting in a very stable, atmospheric, generous and cumbersome momentum.

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