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The test machine consists of one or more vertically supported columns, a fixed horizontal base mounted on the column and a movable horizontal crosshead (cross beam) at the top. In today's universal testing machines, there is usually a ball screw on the column to fix the movable crosshead. The size of the universal testing machine is characterized by the maximum load level of the frame and the dynamometer measuring the load/tension. The dynamometer is attached to a movable crosshead that is driven by an electric motor or hydraulic device. A series of dynamometers with clamps measure the force and can display the results on a digital display or PC. Many universal testing machines have interchangeable dynamometers and can therefore be matched to the different materials tested. Static testing is performed using a standard electronic universal testing machine with a typical loading speed range of 0.001 to 20 in./min (1 in. = 2.54 cm).
Dynamic tests or cycle tests such as crack growth and fatigue tests are usually carried out using a hydraulic servo system universal testing machine for a longer period of time and lower loads. Currently, the most common items tested with universal testing machines are tensile strength and tensile modulus, flexural strength and modulus. When tensile tests are carried out in accordance with ASTM D 638 and ISO 527, clamps are clamped at both ends of the spline, one clamp is stationary and the other is fixed on the crosshead, moving away from the fixture and pulling the spline until the spline appears Break, the crosshead will stop automatically when it breaks. During the bending test (ASTM D790, D6272 and ISO178), the splines were placed on the two supports of the test machine.
In this test, the direction of the crosshead movement was opposite to the direction of movement in the tensile test, pushing against a center without support, rather than pulling the spline until the spline was bent or even broken. Since most thermoplastic materials do not break in this test, it is impossible to calculate the fracture bending strength. Thus, the standard test method requires the calculation of the bending stress at a strain of 5%. The commonly used electronic universal testing machine has a capacity of 100 to 135,000 lb. The larger the size, the higher the cost. In general, vertical equipment is smaller and easier to handle, and thanks to the gravity of the sample itself, tricky samples such as films can be handled as easily as heavier injection molded parts. The single-column universal testing machine has a lower force range and a lower price, and the structural capacity is generally 1000 lb.
The door type universal testing machine has a structural capacity of 1000~135000 lb. The dynamometer is also classified according to a certain maximum force value applicable to the structure and sample of the universal testing machine. For example, a 100 lb dynamometer installed in a 1000 lb mold can provide 100 lb of test load. The capacity of the dynamometer should not exceed the predicted fracture load of the sample, otherwise it will affect the accuracy of the test results.
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